[转]浅谈javascript函数劫持

创建时间:2007-12-02

文章属性:原创

文章提交:hkluoluo (luoluonet_at_hotmail.com)

by luoluo

on 2007-11-30

luoluonet_at_yahoo.cn

http://www.ph4nt0m.org

一、概述

javascript函数劫持,也就是老外提到的javascript hijacking技术。最早还是和剑心同学讨论问题时偶然看到的一段代码,大概这样写的:

window.alert = function(s) {};

觉得这种用法很巧妙新颖,和API Hook异曲同工,索性称之为javascript function hook,也就是函数劫持。通过替换js函数的实现来达到劫持这个函数调用的目的,一个完整的hook alert函数例子如下:

<!--1.htm-->

<script type="text/javascript">

<!--

var _alert = alert;

window.alert = function(s) {

if (confirm("是否要弹框框,内容是\"" + s + "\"?")) {

_alert(s);

}

}

//-->

</script>

<html>

<body>

<input type="button" onclick="javascript: alert('Hello World!')" value="test" />

</body>

</html>

搞过API Hook的同学们看到这个代码一定会心的一笑,先保存原函数实现,然后替换为我们自己的函数实现,添加我们自己的处理逻辑后最终再调用原来的函数实现,这样这个alert函数就被我们劫持了。原理非常简单,下面举些典型的应用来看看我们能利用它来做些什么。

二、应用举例

1. 实现一个简易的javascript debugger,这里说是debugger比较标题党,其实只是有点类似于debugger的功能,主要利用js函数劫持来实现函数的break point,来看看个简单的例子:

<script type="text/javascript">

<!--

var _eval = eval;

eval = function(s) {

if (confirm("eval被调用\n\n调用函数\n" + eval.caller + "\n\n调用参数\n" + s)) {

_eval(s);

}

}

//-->

</script>

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<script type="text/javascript">

<!--

function test() {

var a = "alert(1)";

eval(a);

}

function t() {

test();

}

t();

//-->

</script>

</body>

</html>

通过js函数劫持中断函数执行,并显示参数和函数调用者代码,来看一个完整例子的效果:

>help

debug commands:

bp <function name> - set a breakpoint on a function, e.g. "bp window.alert".

bl - list all breakpoints.

bc <breakpoint number> - remove a breakpoint by specified number, e.g. "bc 0".

help - help information.

>bp window.alert

* breakpoint on function "window.alert" added successfully.

>bl

* 1 breakpoints:

0 - window.alert

>bc 0

* breakpoint on function "window.alert" deleted successfully.

这里演示设置断点,察看断点和删除断点,完整代码在本文附录[1]给出。

2. 设置陷阱实时捕捉跨站测试者,搞跨站的人总习惯用alert来确认是否存在跨站,如果你要监控是否有人在测试你的网站xss的话,可以在你要监控的页面里hook alert函数,记录alert调用情况:

<script type="text/javascript">

<!--

function log(s) {

var img = new Image();

img.style.width = img.style.height = 0;

img.src = "http://yousite.com/log.php?caller=" + encodeURIComponent(s);

}

var _alert = alert;

window.alert = function(s) {

log(alert.caller);

_alert(s);

}

//-->

</script>

当然,你这个函数要加到页面的最开始,而且还要比较隐蔽一些,赫赫,你甚至可以使alert不弹框或者弹个警告框,让测试者抓狂一把。

3. 实现DOM XSS自动化扫描,目前一般的XSS自动化扫描的方法是从http返回结果中搜索特征来确定是否存在漏洞,但是这种方法不适用于扫描DOM XSS,因为DOM XSS是由客户端脚本造成的,比如前段时间剑心发现的google的跨站(见附录[2])原理如下:

document.write(document.location.hash);

这样的跨站无法反映在http response里,所以传统扫描方法没法扫描出来。但是如果你从上个例子里受到启发的话,一定会想到设置陷阱的办法,DOM XSS最终导致alert被执行,所以我们hook alert函数设置陷阱,如果XSS成功则会去调用alert函数,触发我们的陷阱记录结果,这样就可以实现DOM XSS的自动化扫描,陷阱代码类似于上面。

4. 灵活的使用js劫持辅助你的页面代码分析工作,比如分析网页木马时,经常会有通过eval或者document.write来进行加密的情况,于是我们编写段hook eval和document.write的小工具,辅助解密:

<script type="text/javascript">

<!--

var _eval = eval;

eval = window.execScript = window.document.write = window.document.writeln = function(s) {

document.getElementById("output").value = s;

}

//-->

</script>

<html>

<body>

input:

<textarea ></textarea>

<input type="button" onclick="javascript: _eval(document.getElementById('input').value);" value="decode" />

<br />

output:

<textarea ></textarea>

</body>

</html>

在input框里输入加密的代码:

eval(unescape("%61%6C%65%72%74%28%31%29%3B"));

在output框里输出解码后的代码:

alert(1);

当然你还能想到更多的灵活应用:)

三、反劫持

谈到劫持也就必然要谈谈反劫持的话题,假设你要写一个健壮的xss playload,就需要考虑反劫持,有两个问题要解决:

如何判断是否被劫持了?

如果发现被劫持了,如何反劫持?

1. 判断某个函数是否被劫持,这个好办,写个小程序对比一下一个函数被hook前后,有什么差别:

<textarea ></textarea>

<script type="text/javascript">

<!--

document.getElementById("tb1").value = eval + "\n";

var _eval = eval;

eval = function(s) {

alert(s);

_eval(s);

}

document.getElementById("tb1").value += eval;

//-->

</script>

结果:

function eval() {

[native code]

}

function(s) {

alert(s);

_eval(s);

}

我们发现那些内置函数是[native code],而自定义的则是具体的函数定义,用这个特征就可以简单的检测函数是否被劫持:

function checkHook(proc) {

if (proc.toString().indexOf("[native code]") > 0) {

return false;

} else {

return true;

}

}

2. 如何反劫持,第一个想法就是恢复被劫持的函数,如果劫持的人把原函数保存在某个变量里那还好办,直接调用原函数就可以了,但是劫持者自己也没保存副本怎么办,只能自己创建个新的环境,然后用新环境里的干净的函数来恢复我们这里被hook了的,怎么创建新环境?整个新的iframe好了,里面就是个全新的环境。ok,动手吧:

function unHook(proc) {

var f = document.createElement("iframe");

f.style.border = "0";

f.style.width = "0";

f.style.height = "0";

document.body.appendChild(f);

var d = f.contentWindow.document;

d.write("<script type=\"text/javascript\">window.parent.escape = escape;<\/script>");

d.close();

}

综合1、2节,整个测试代码如下:

<!--antihook.htm-->

<script type="text/javascript">

<!--

escape = function(s) {

return s;

}

//-->

</script>

<html>

<body>

<input type="button" onclick="javascript: test();" value="test" />

<script type="text/javascript">

<!--

function test() {

alert(escape("s y"));

if (checkHook(escape)) {

unHook(escape);

}

alert(escape("s y"));

}

function checkHook(proc) {

if (proc.toString().indexOf("[native code]") > 0) {

return false;

} else {

return true;

}

}

function unHook(proc) {

var f = document.createElement("iframe");

f.style.border = "0";

f.style.width = "0";

f.style.height = "0";

document.body.appendChild(f);

var d = f.contentWindow.document;

d.write("<script type=\"text/javascript\">window.parent.escape = escape;<\/script>");

d.close();

}

//-->

</script>

</body>

</html>

3. 不是上面两个问题都解决了么,为什么要有第3节?因为那不是个最好的解决办法,既然我们可以创建全新的iframe,何不把代码直接放到全新iframe里执行呢,这样做的话绿色环保,既不用考虑当前context里的hook问题,也不用改动当前context,不会影响本身的程序执行。给出两个比较通用点的函数:

function createIframe(w) {

var d = w.document;

var newIframe = d.createElement("iframe");

newIframe.style.width = 0;

newIframe.style.height = 0;

d.body.appendChild(newIframe);

newIframe.contentWindow.document.write("<html><body></body></html>");

return newIframe;

}

function injectScriptIntoIframe(f, proc) {

var d = f.contentWindow.document;

var s = "<script>\n(" + proc.toString() + ")();\n</script>";

d.write(s);

}

把你的payload封装进一个函数,然后调用这两个方法来在iframe里执行:

function payload() {

// your code goes here

}

var f = createIframe(top);

injectScriptIntoIframe(f, payload);

四、最后

由于国内很少有见文章提及这个东西,所以才草成这篇,希望能够抛砖引玉。由于本人水平有限,难免有错误或者疏漏之处请谅解,没有说清楚的地方,欢迎和我交流。

还有就是一些不得不感谢的人,感谢剑心一直以来毫无保留的交流,感谢黑锅多次鼓励我把自己的心得体会写成文字,感谢幻影所有的朋友们、B.C.T的朋友们以及群里那帮经常一起扯淡的朋友们。

广告一下,没法幻影blog的朋友,可以添加hosts来突破:

72.14.219.190 pstgroup.blogspot.com

五、附录

[1] 简易的javascript inline debugger代码

<!--test.htm-->

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<head><title>Javascript Inline Debugger</title></head>

<body>

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="js_inline_debugger.js"></script>

<input type="button" value="hahaha" onclick="javascript: alert(this.value);" />

</body>

</html>

/*

FileName: js_inline_debugger.js

Author: luoluo

Contact: luoluonet_at_yahoo.cn

Date: 2007-6-27

Version: 0.1

Usage:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<head>

</head>

<body>

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="js_inline_debugger.js"></script>

</body>

</html>

Instruction:

It is a simple javascript inline debugger. You must add xhtml1-transitional dtd to your

html document if you wanna to use the script.

*/

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------//

// 公用的函数

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------//

// 判断是否是IE

function isIE() {

return document.all && window.external;

}

// 去除字符串两边的空格

String.prototype.trim = function() {

var re = /(^\s*)|(\s*)$/g;

return this.replace(re, "");

}

// 删除数组中某个元素

Array.prototype.remove = function(i) {

var o = this[i];

for (var j = i; j < this.length - 1; j ++) {

this[j] = this[j + 1];

}

-- this.length;

return o;

}

// 判断一个数组中是否存在相同的元素

Array.prototype.search = function(o) {

for (var i = 0; i < this.length; i ++) {

if (this[i] == o) {

return i;

}

}

return -1;

}

// html编码

function htmlEncode(s) {

s = s.replace(/&/g, "&amp;");

s = s.replace(/</g, "&lt;");

s = s.replace(/>/g, "&gt;");

s = s.replace(/\"/g, "&quot;");

s = s.replace(/\'/g, """);

return s;

}

// js编码

function jsEncode(s) {

s = s.replace(/\\/g, "\\\\");

s = s.replace(/\n/g, "\\n");

s = s.replace(/\"/g, "\\\"");

s = s.replace(/\'/g, "\\\'");

return s;

}

//--------------------------------------------------------------//

// 命令行窗口工具

//--------------------------------------------------------------//

function Console(parentNode, processInputProc) {

// 窗口

var panel = document.createElement("div");

panel.style.width = "250px";

panel.style.height = "250px";

panel.style.borderColor = "#666666";

panel.style.borderWidth = "1px";

panel.style.backgroundColor = "#ffffff";

panel.style.borderStyle = "solid";

panel.style.position = "absolute";

panel.style.zIndex = 100;

parentNode.appendChild(panel);

// 标题栏

var title = document.createElement("div");

title.style.width = "250px";

title.style.height = "15px";

title.style.backgroundColor = "#dddddd";

title.style.fontSize = "12px";

title.style.fontFamily = "verdana,tahoma";

panel.appendChild(title);

// 标题栏拖动窗口功能

var isDragging = false;

var startPos = new Position(panel.offsetLeft, panel.offsetTop);

var startMousePos = new Position(0, 0);

title.onmouseover = function(evt) {

this.style.cursor = "pointer";

}

title.onmousedown = function(evt) {

if (isDragging == true) {

return;

}

var event = evt || window.event;

startMousePos.x = event.clientX;

startMousePos.y = event.clientY;

isDragging = true;

}

title.onmousemove = function(evt) {

if (isDragging == false) {

return;

}

activateWindow();

var event = evt || window.event;

panel.style.left = (event.clientX - startMousePos.x) + startPos.x + "px";

panel.style.top = (event.clientY - startMousePos.y) + startPos.y + "px";

}

title.onmouseup = function(evt) {

if (isDragging == false) {

return;

}

var event = evt || window.event;

startPos.x = (event.clientX - startMousePos.x) + startPos.x;

panel.style.left = startPos.x + "px";

startPos.y = (event.clientY - startMousePos.y) + startPos.y;

panel.style.top = startPos.y + "px";

isDragging = false;

}

// 关闭窗口功能

var closeButton = document.createElement("div");

closeButton.style.width = "13px";

closeButton.style.height = "13px";

closeButton.style.backgroundColor = "#ffffff";

closeButton.style.styleFloat = closeButton.style.cssFloat = "left";

closeButton.style.fontSize = "12px";

closeButton.style.borderWidth = "1px";

closeButton.style.borderColor = "#999999";

closeButton.style.borderStyle = "solid";

closeButton.style.paddingButton = "2px";

closeButton.innerHTML = "<div margin-top: -2px;margin-left: 3px;\">x</div>";

title.appendChild(closeButton);

var isVisible = true;

// 窗口关闭

closeButton.onclick = function(evt) {

isVisible = false;

panel.style.display = "none";

}

// 标题栏文字

var titleLabel = document.createElement("div");

titleLabel.style.height = "14px";

titleLabel.style.width = "200px";

titleLabel.style.fontSize = "11px";

titleLabel.style.color = "#ffffff";

titleLabel.style.styleFloat = titleLabel.style.cssFloat = "left";

titleLabel.style.fontFamily = "verdana,tahoma";

titleLabel.innerHTML = "Javascript Inline Debugger";

//titleLabel.style.marginTop = isIE() ? -14 : "-14px";

titleLabel.style.marginLeft = isIE() ? 18 : "18px";

title.appendChild(titleLabel);

// 中间的显示部分

var showPanel = document.createElement("div");

showPanel.style.width = "250px";

showPanel.style.height = isIE() ? "221px" : "219px";

showPanel.style.fontSize = "11px";

showPanel.style.padding = "0";

showPanel.style.margin = "0";

showPanel.style.overflow = "auto";

showPanel.style.marginTop = isIE() ? -1 : "0";

panel.appendChild(showPanel);

// 命令输入框

var cmdArea = document.createElement("div");

panel.appendChild(cmdArea);

var cmdTextbox = document.createElement("input");

cmdTextbox.type = "text";

cmdTextbox.style.width = "250px";

cmdTextbox.style.height = "12px";

cmdTextbox.style.fontSize = "12px";

cmdTextbox.style.padding = "0";

cmdTextbox.style.margin = "0";

cmdTextbox.style.marginTop = isIE() ? -2 : "0";

cmdTextbox.style.borderWidth = "0";

cmdTextbox.style.borderTopWidth = "1px";

cmdTextbox.style.paddingTop = "2px";

cmdArea.appendChild(cmdTextbox);

// 窗口激活或者不激活

var isActive = false;

// 激活窗口

var activateWindow = function() {

if (! isVisible) {

return;

}

if (isActive) {

return;

}

cmdTextbox.focus();

title.style.backgroundColor = "#015DF4";

isActive = true;

}

panel.onclick = activateWindow;

// 不激活窗口

var deactivateWindow = function() {

if (! isVisible) {

return;

}

if (! isActive) {

return;

}

title.style.backgroundColor = "#cccccc";

isActive = false;

}

cmdTextbox.onfocus = activateWindow;

cmdTextbox.onblur = deactivateWindow;

// 输出函数

var dbgPrint = function(s) {

showPanel.innerHTML += htmlEncode(s).replace(/\n|(\r\n)/g, "<br />");

if (parseInt(showPanel.scrollHeight) > parseInt(showPanel.style.height)) {

showPanel.scrollTop += parseInt(showPanel.scrollHeight) - parseInt(showPanel.style.height);

}

}

// 调用输入处理回调函数

cmdTextbox.onkeydown = function(evt) {

var event = evt || window.event;

if (event.keyCode == 0x0d) {

processInputProc(this.value, dbgPrint);

this.value = "";

}

}

}

// 坐标类

function Position(x, y) {

this.x = x;

this.y = y;

}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------//

// 内联调试器类

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------//

function InlineDebugger() {

var bpList = new Array();

var id_eval;

// 设置断点

var bp = function(funcName) {

// 检查eval是否被hook

if ((new String(eval)).indexOf("[native code]") < 0) {

return "error: eval function was hooked by other codes in the front.\n";

}

// 保存未被hooked的eval

id_eval = eval;

var re = /^[a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+$/i;

if (! re.test(funcName)) {

return "error: bad argument of command bp \"" + funcName + "\".\n";

}

try {

id_eval("if (typeof(" + funcName + ") == \"object\" || typeof(" + funcName + ") == \"function\") {var obj = " + funcName + ";}");

} catch (e) {

return "error: " + e + ", invalid function name \"" + funcName + "\".\n";

}

if (obj == undefined) {

return "error: the argument of command bp \"" + funcName + "\" is not a function object.\n";

}

if ((new String(obj)).indexOf("function") < 0) {

return "error: the argument of command bp \"" + funcName + "\" is a property, a function is required.\n";

}

if (bpList.search(funcName) >= 0) {

return "error: there is a breakpoint on function \"" + funcName + "\"\n";

}

try {

var sc = "window." + funcName.replace(/\./g, "_") + "_bak = " + funcName + ";\n" +

funcName + " = " +

"function() {\n" +

" var args = \"\";\n" +

" for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i ++) {\n" +

" args += arguments[i] + (i == (arguments.length - 1) ? \"\" : \",\");\n" +

" }\n" +

" if (confirm(\"function \\\"" + funcName + "\\\" was called, execute it?\\n\\narguments:\\n\" + args + \"\\n\\ncaller:\\n\" + " + funcName + ".caller)) {\n" +

" id_eval(\"" + funcName.replace(/\./g, "_") + "_bak(\\\"\" + jsEncode(args) + \"\\\")\");\n" +

" }\n" +

"};" +

"\n";

id_eval(sc);

bpList.push(funcName);

return "* breakpoint on function \"" + funcName + "\" added successfully.\n";

} catch (e) {

return "unkown error: " + e + ".\n";

}

}

// 枚举所有的断点

var bl = function() {

if (bpList.length == 0) {

return "* no breakpoint.\n";

}

var bps = "* " + bpList.length + " breakpoints: \n";

for (var i = 0; i < bpList.length; i ++) {

bps += i + " - " + bpList[i] + "\n";

}

return bps;

}

// 清除某个断点

var bc = function(n) {

try {

n = parseInt(n);

} catch (e) {

return "error: bc command requires a numeric argument.\n";

}

if (bpList.length == 0) {

return "error: no breakpoint.\n";

}

var funcName = bpList.remove(n);

try {

eval(funcName + " = window." + funcName.replace(/\./g, "_") + "_bak;");

return "* breakpoint on function \"" + funcName + "\" deleted successfully.\n";

} catch (e) {

return "error: " + e + ".\n";

}

}

// 帮助

var help = function() {

var s = "debug commands:\n\n" +

"bp <function name> - set a breakpoint on a function, e.g. \"bp window.alert\".\n" +

"bl - list all breakpoints.\n" +

"bc <breakpoint number> - remove a breakpoint by specified number, e.g. \"bc 0\".\n" +

"help - help information.\n"

"\n";

return s;

}

// 处理命令

this.exeCmd = function(cmd) {

cmd = cmd.trim();

var cmdParts = cmd.split(/\s+/g);

var cmdName;

var cmdArg;

if (cmdParts.length == 1) {

cmdName = cmd;

} else {

cmdName = cmdParts[0];

cmdArg = cmdParts[1];

}

switch (cmdName) {

case "bp":

if (cmdArg == undefined) {

return "error: bp command requires an argument.\n";

} else {

return bp(cmdArg);

}

break;

case "bl":

return bl();

break;

case "bc":

if (cmdArg == undefined) {

return "error: bc command requires an argument \"number of breakpoint\".\n";

} else {

return bc(cmdArg);

}

break;

case "help":

return help();

break;

default: return "error: command \"" + cmdName + "\" not found, you can get information by \"help\" command.\n";

break;

}

}

}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------//

// 主过程

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------//

/*try {

debugger;

} catch (e) {}*/

var id = new InlineDebugger();

var console = new Console(document.body, function(s, printProc){printProc(id.exeCmd(s));});