『TensorFlow』SSD源码学习_其六:标签整理

Fork版本项目地址:SSD

一、输入标签生成

在数据预处理之后,图片、类别、真实框格式较为原始,不能够直接作为损失函数的输入标签(ssd向前网络只需要图像就行,这里的处理主要需要满足loss的计算),对于一张图片(三维CHW)我们需要如下格式的数据作为损失函数标签:

gclasse: 搜索框对应的真实类别

        长度为ssd特征层f的list,每一个元素是一个Tensor,shape为:该层中心点行数×列数×每个中心点包含搜索框数目

gscores: 搜索框和真实框的IOU,gclasses中记录的就是该真实框的类别

       长度为ssd特征层f的list,每一个元素是一个Tensor,shape为:该层中心点行数×列数×每个中心点包含搜索框数目

glocalisations: 搜索框相较于真实框位置修正,由于有4个坐标,所以维度多了一维

        长度为ssd特征层f的list,每一个元素是一个Tensor,shape为:该层中心点行数×列数×每个中心点包含搜索框数目×4

为了计算出上面标签,我们函数调用如下(train_ssd_network.py):

            # f层个(m,m,k),f层个(m,m,k,4xywh),f层个(m,m,k) f层表示提取ssd特征的层的数目
            # 0-20数字,方便loss的坐标记录,IOU值
            gclasses, glocalisations, gscores = \
                ssd_net.bboxes_encode(glabels, gbboxes, ssd_anchors)

输入变量都是前几节中的函数输出(train_ssd_network.py):

ssd_anchors = ssd_net.anchors(ssd_shape)  # 调用类方法,创建搜素框
            
# Pre-processing image, labels and bboxes.
# 'CHW' (n,) (n, 4)
image, glabels, gbboxes = \
        image_preprocessing_fn(image, glabels, gbboxes,
                               out_shape=ssd_shape,  # (300,300)
                               data_format=DATA_FORMAT)  # 'NCHW'

至此,我们再来看一看该函数如何实现,其处理过程是按照ssd特征层进行划分,首先建立三个list,然后对于每一个特征层计算该层的三个Tensor,最后分别添加进list中(ssd_common.py):

def tf_ssd_bboxes_encode(labels,
                         bboxes,
                         anchors,
                         num_classes,
                         no_annotation_label,
                         ignore_threshold=0.5,
                         prior_scaling=(0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2),
                         dtype=tf.float32,
                         scope='ssd_bboxes_encode'):
    with tf.name_scope(scope):
        target_labels = []
        target_localizations = []
        target_scores = []
        # anchors_layer: (y, x, h, w)
        for i, anchors_layer in enumerate(anchors):
            with tf.name_scope('bboxes_encode_block_%i' % i):
                # (m,m,k),xywh(m,m,4k),(m,m,k)
                t_labels, t_loc, t_scores = \
                    tf_ssd_bboxes_encode_layer(labels, bboxes, anchors_layer,
                                               num_classes, no_annotation_label,
                                               ignore_threshold,
                                               prior_scaling, dtype)
                target_labels.append(t_labels)
                target_localizations.append(t_loc)
                target_scores.append(t_scores)
        return target_labels, target_localizations, target_scores

每一层处理是重点(ssd_common.py),从这里我们可以更深刻体会到所有框体长度信息归一化的便捷之处——不同层的框体均可以直接和真实框做运算,毕竟它们都是0~1的相对位置:

# 为了有助理解,m表示该层中心点行列数,k为每个中心点对应的框数,n为图像上的目标数
def tf_ssd_bboxes_encode_layer(labels,         # (n,)
                               bboxes,         # (n, 4)
                               anchors_layer,  # y(m, m, 1), x(m, m, 1), h(k,), w(k,)
                               num_classes,
                               no_annotation_label,
                               ignore_threshold=0.5,
                               prior_scaling=(0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2),
                               dtype=tf.float32):
    """Encode groundtruth labels and bounding boxes using SSD anchors from
    one layer.

    Arguments:
      labels: 1D Tensor(int64) containing groundtruth labels;
      bboxes: Nx4 Tensor(float) with bboxes relative coordinates;
      anchors_layer: Numpy array with layer anchors;
      matching_threshold: Threshold for positive match with groundtruth bboxes;
      prior_scaling: Scaling of encoded coordinates.

    Return:
      (target_labels, target_localizations, target_scores): Target Tensors.
    """
    # Anchors coordinates and volume.
    yref, xref, href, wref = anchors_layer  # y(m, m, 1), x(m, m, 1), h(k,), w(k,)
    ymin = yref - href / 2.  # (m, m, k)
    xmin = xref - wref / 2.
    ymax = yref + href / 2.
    xmax = xref + wref / 2.
    vol_anchors = (xmax - xmin) * (ymax - ymin)  # 搜索框面积(m, m, k)

    # Initialize tensors...
    # 下面各个Tensor矩阵的shape等于中心点坐标矩阵的shape
    shape = (yref.shape[0], yref.shape[1], href.size)  # (m, m, k)
    feat_labels = tf.zeros(shape, dtype=tf.int64)  # (m, m, k)
    feat_scores = tf.zeros(shape, dtype=dtype)

    feat_ymin = tf.zeros(shape, dtype=dtype)
    feat_xmin = tf.zeros(shape, dtype=dtype)
    feat_ymax = tf.ones(shape, dtype=dtype)
    feat_xmax = tf.ones(shape, dtype=dtype)

    def jaccard_with_anchors(bbox):
        """Compute jaccard score between a box and the anchors.
        """
        int_ymin = tf.maximum(ymin, bbox[0])  # (m, m, k)
        int_xmin = tf.maximum(xmin, bbox[1])
        int_ymax = tf.minimum(ymax, bbox[2])
        int_xmax = tf.minimum(xmax, bbox[3])
        h = tf.maximum(int_ymax - int_ymin, 0.)
        w = tf.maximum(int_xmax - int_xmin, 0.)
        # Volumes.
        # 处理搜索框和bbox之间的联系
        inter_vol = h * w  # 交集面积
        union_vol = vol_anchors - inter_vol \
            + (bbox[2] - bbox[0]) * (bbox[3] - bbox[1])  # 并集面积
        jaccard = tf.div(inter_vol, union_vol)  # 交集/并集,即IOU
        return jaccard  # (m, m, k)

    def condition(i, feat_labels, feat_scores,
                  feat_ymin, feat_xmin, feat_ymax, feat_xmax):
        """Condition: check label index.
        """
        r = tf.less(i, tf.shape(labels))
        return r[0]  # tf.shape(labels)有维度,所以r有维度

    def body(i, feat_labels, feat_scores,
             feat_ymin, feat_xmin, feat_ymax, feat_xmax):
        """Body: update feature labels, scores and bboxes.
        Follow the original SSD paper for that purpose:
          - assign values when jaccard > 0.5;
          - only update if beat the score of other bboxes.
        """
        # Jaccard score.
        label = labels[i]  # 当前图片上第i个对象的标签
        bbox = bboxes[i]   # 当前图片上第i个对象的真实框bbox
        jaccard = jaccard_with_anchors(bbox)  # 当前对象的bbox和当前层的搜索网格IOU,(m, m, k)
        # Mask: check threshold + scores + no annotations + num_classes.
        mask = tf.greater(jaccard, feat_scores)  # 掩码矩阵,IOU大于历史得分的为True,(m, m, k)
        # mask = tf.logical_and(mask, tf.greater(jaccard, matching_threshold))
        mask = tf.logical_and(mask, feat_scores > -0.5)
        mask = tf.logical_and(mask, label < num_classes)  # 不太懂,label应该必定小于类别数
        imask = tf.cast(mask, tf.int64)  # 整形mask
        fmask = tf.cast(mask, dtype)     # 浮点型mask

        # Update values using mask.
        # 保证feat_labels存储对应位置得分最大对象标签,feat_scores存储那个得分
        # (m, m, k) × 当前类别scalar + (1 - (m, m, k)) × (m, m, k)
        # 更新label记录,此时的imask已经保证了True位置当前对像得分高于之前的对象得分,其他位置值不变
        feat_labels = imask * label + (1 - imask) * feat_labels
        # 更新score记录,mask为True使用本类别IOU,否则不变
        feat_scores = tf.where(mask, jaccard, feat_scores)

        # 下面四个矩阵存储对应label的真实框坐标
        # (m, m, k) × 当前框坐标scalar + (1 - (m, m, k)) × (m, m, k)
        feat_ymin = fmask * bbox[0] + (1 - fmask) * feat_ymin
        feat_xmin = fmask * bbox[1] + (1 - fmask) * feat_xmin
        feat_ymax = fmask * bbox[2] + (1 - fmask) * feat_ymax
        feat_xmax = fmask * bbox[3] + (1 - fmask) * feat_xmax

        return [i+1, feat_labels, feat_scores,
                feat_ymin, feat_xmin, feat_ymax, feat_xmax]
    # Main loop definition.
    # 对当前图像上每一个目标进行循环
    i = 0
    (i,
     feat_labels, feat_scores,
     feat_ymin, feat_xmin,
     feat_ymax, feat_xmax) = tf.while_loop(condition, body,
                                           [i,
                                            feat_labels, feat_scores,
                                            feat_ymin, feat_xmin,
                                            feat_ymax, feat_xmax])
    # Transform to center / size.
    # 这里的y、x、h、w指的是对应位置所属真实框的相关属性
    feat_cy = (feat_ymax + feat_ymin) / 2.
    feat_cx = (feat_xmax + feat_xmin) / 2.
    feat_h = feat_ymax - feat_ymin
    feat_w = feat_xmax - feat_xmin

    # Encode features.
    # prior_scaling: [0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2],放缩意义不明
    # ((m, m, k) - (m, m, 1)) / (k,) * 10
    # 以搜索网格中心点为参考,真实框中心的偏移,单位长度为网格hw
    feat_cy = (feat_cy - yref) / href / prior_scaling[0]
    feat_cx = (feat_cx - xref) / wref / prior_scaling[1]
    # log((m, m, k) / (m, m, 1)) * 5
    # 真实框宽高/搜索网格宽高,取对
    feat_h = tf.log(feat_h / href) / prior_scaling[2]
    feat_w = tf.log(feat_w / wref) / prior_scaling[3]
    # Use SSD ordering: x / y / w / h instead of ours.(m, m, k, 4)
    feat_localizations = tf.stack([feat_cx, feat_cy, feat_w, feat_h], axis=-1)  # -1会扩维,故有4

    return feat_labels, feat_localizations, feat_scores

可以看到(最后几行),feat_localizations用于位置修正记录,其中存储的并不是直接的搜索框和真实框的差,而是按照loss函数所需要的格式进行存储,但是进行prior_scaling处理的意义不明,不过直观来看对loss函数不构成负面影响(损失函数值依旧是搜索框等于真实框最佳)。

二、处理为batch

生成batch数据队列

截止到目前,我们的数据都是对单张图片而言,需要将之整理为batch size的Tensor,不过有点小麻烦,就是我们的数据以list包含Tensor为主,维度扩充需要一点小技巧(tf_utils.py):

def reshape_list(l, shape=None):
    """Reshape list of (list): 1D to 2D or the other way around.

    Args:
      l: List or List of list.
      shape: 1D or 2D shape.
    Return
      Reshaped list.
    """
    r = []
    if shape is None:
        # Flatten everything.
        for a in l:
            if isinstance(a, (list, tuple)):
                r = r + list(a)
            else:
                r.append(a)
    else:
        # Reshape to list of list.
        i = 0
        for s in shape:
            if s == 1:
                r.append(l[i])
            else:
                r.append(l[i:i+s])
            i += s
    return r

这个函数可以将list1:[Tensor11, [Tensor21, Tensor22, ……], [Ten31, Tensor32, ……], ……]和list2:[Tensor1, Tensor2, ……]这样的形式相互转换,需要的就是记录下list1中各子list长度,单个Tensor记为1(train_ssd_network.py):

            batch_shape = [1] + [len(ssd_anchors)] * 3  # (1,f层,f层,f层)

            # Training batches and queue.
            r = tf.train.batch(  # 图片,中心点类别,真实框坐标,得分
                tf_utils.reshape_list([image, gclasses, glocalisations, gscores]),
                batch_size=FLAGS.batch_size,  # 32
                num_threads=FLAGS.num_preprocessing_threads,
                capacity=5 * FLAGS.batch_size)

            b_image, b_gclasses, b_glocalisations, b_gscores = \
                tf_utils.reshape_list(r, batch_shape)

            # Intermediate queueing: unique batch computation pipeline for all
            # GPUs running the training.
            batch_queue = slim.prefetch_queue.prefetch_queue(
                tf_utils.reshape_list([b_image, b_gclasses, b_glocalisations, b_gscores]),
                capacity=2 * deploy_config.num_clones)

由于tf.train.batch接收输入格式为[Tensor1, Tensor2, ……],所以要先使用上面函数处理输入,使单张图片的标签数据变化为batch size的标签数据,再将标签数据格式变换回来(实际就是把list1化为list2后给其中每一个Tensor加了一个维度,再变换回list1的格式),最后将batch size的Tensor创建队列,不过没必要这么麻烦,实际上像下面这么做也不会报错,省略了来回折腾Tensor的过程……

            batch_shape = [1] + [len(ssd_anchors)] * 3 # (1,f层,f层,f层)            
            r = tf.train.batch(  # 图片,中心点类别,真实框坐标,得分
                tf_utils.reshape_list([image, gclasses, glocalisations, gscores]),
                batch_size=FLAGS.batch_size,  # 32
                num_threads=FLAGS.num_preprocessing_threads,
                capacity=5 * FLAGS.batch_size)

            # Intermediate queueing: unique batch computation pipeline for all
            # GPUs running the training.
            batch_queue = slim.prefetch_queue.prefetch_queue(
                r,                                # <-----输入格式实际上并不需要调整
                capacity=2 * deploy_config.num_clones)

获取batch数据队列

            # Dequeue batch.
            b_image, b_gclasses, b_glocalisations, b_gscores = \
                tf_utils.reshape_list(batch_queue.dequeue(), batch_shape)  # 重整list

出队后整理一下list格式即可,此时获取的数据格式如下(vgg_300为例):

<tf.Tensor 'batch:0' shape=(32, 3, 300, 300) dtype=float32>
[<tf.Tensor 'batch:1' shape=(32, 38, 38, 4) dtype=int64>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:2' shape=(32, 19, 19, 6) dtype=int64>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:3' shape=(32, 10, 10, 6) dtype=int64>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:4' shape=(32, 5, 5, 6) dtype=int64>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:5' shape=(32, 3, 3, 4) dtype=int64>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:6' shape=(32, 1, 1, 4) dtype=int64>]

[<tf.Tensor 'batch:7' shape=(32, 38, 38, 4, 4) dtype=float32>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:8' shape=(32, 19, 19, 6, 4) dtype=float32>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:9' shape=(32, 10, 10, 6, 4) dtype=float32>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:10' shape=(32, 5, 5, 6, 4) dtype=float32>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:11' shape=(32, 3, 3, 4, 4) dtype=float32>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:12' shape=(32, 1, 1, 4, 4) dtype=float32>]

[<tf.Tensor 'batch:13' shape=(32, 38, 38, 4) dtype=float32>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:14' shape=(32, 19, 19, 6) dtype=float32>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:15' shape=(32, 10, 10, 6) dtype=float32>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:16' shape=(32, 5, 5, 6) dtype=float32>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:17' shape=(32, 3, 3, 4) dtype=float32>,
<tf.Tensor 'batch:18' shape=(32, 1, 1, 4) dtype=float32>]

此时的数据格式已经符合loss函数和网络输入要求,运行即可:

            # Construct SSD network.
            # 这个实例方法会返回之前定义的函数ssd_arg_scope(允许修改两个参数)
            arg_scope = ssd_net.arg_scope(weight_decay=FLAGS.weight_decay,
                                          data_format=DATA_FORMAT)
            with slim.arg_scope(arg_scope):
                # predictions: (BS, H, W, 4, 21)
                # localisations: (BS, H, W, 4, 4)
                # logits: (BS, H, W, 4, 21)
                predictions, localisations, logits, end_points = \
                    ssd_net.net(b_image, is_training=True)

            # Add loss function.
            ssd_net.losses(logits, localisations,
                           b_gclasses, b_glocalisations, b_gscores,
                           match_threshold=FLAGS.match_threshold,  # .5
                           negative_ratio=FLAGS.negative_ratio,  # 3
                           alpha=FLAGS.loss_alpha,  # 1
                           label_smoothing=FLAGS.label_smoothing)  # .0

正向传播函数会获取相关的节点,损失函数则会将函数值添加到loss collection中。