Python基础:函数、类、模块

  • 函数

函数声明:

def function_name([arguments]):
"optional documentation string"
function_suite

返回值:如果没有显示的返回值,返回值为None

参数传递:形参都是引用传递,意味着在函数内部对形参的改变都会改变实参的值;当然也有例外,如果实参是不可以改变的对象,如字符串、元组,则是值传递(记住Python中所有的类型皆为对象)

一些有用的函数:

FunctionDescription
dir([obj])

Display attributes of object or the names of global variables if no

parameter given

help([obj])

Display object's documentation string in a pretty-printed format or

enters interactive help if no parameter given

int(obj)Convert object to an integer
len(obj)Return length of object
open(fn, mode)Open file fn with mode ('r' = read, 'w' = write)
range([[start, ]stop[,step])

Return a list of integers that begin at start up to but not including stop

in increments of step; start defaults to 0, and step defaults to 1

raw_input(str)

Wait for text input from the user, optional prompt string can be

provided

str(obj)Convert object to a string
type(obj)Return type of object (a type object itself!)

类的声明:

class ClassName (base_class[es]):
"optional documentation string"
static_member_declarations
method_declarations

__init__函数:类似与C++中的constructor,但是又不完全像C++中的constructor函数。__init__函数只是对象在实例话之后第一个调用的函数,与C++中constructor函数对应的函数应该是__new__函数。

创建类的实例:

foo1 = FooClass()
  • 模块

导入模块:

import module_name

调用模块内的函数或者访问变量:

module.function()
module.variable