Linux 命令 - grep: 正则搜索文本

grep 搜索文本文件中与指定正则表达式匹配的行

命令格式

grep [OPTIONS] PATTERN [FILE...]

命令参数

Generic Program Information

--help

　　打印帮助信息

-V, --version

　　打印版本信息

Matcher Selection

-E, --extended-regexp

　　使用基本正则表达式（ERE）解释 PATTERN

-F, --fixed-strings

　　每个模式作为一组固定字符串对待（以新行分隔），而不作为正则表达式。

-G, --basic-regexp

　　使用基本正则表达式（BRE）解释 PATTERN

-P, --perl-regexp

　　使用 Perl 正则表达式（PCRE）解释 PATTERN

Matching Control

-e PATTERN, --regexp=PATTERN

　　使用 PATTERN 作为匹配模式

-f FILE, --file=FILE

　　从文件获取匹配模式

-i, --ignore-case

　　忽略大小写

-v, --invert-match

　　输出不含匹配项的行

-w, --word-regexp

　　单词精确匹配

-x, --line-regexp

　　行精确匹配

General Output Control

-c, --count

　　输出匹配项的数目

-l, --files-with-matches

　　输出包含匹配项的文件名而不是直接输出匹配行

-L, --files-without-match

　　与 -l 选项类似，输出的是包含不匹配项的文件名

-m NUM, --max-count=NUM

　　当匹配 NUM 后停止读取文件

-o, --only-matching

　　只显示匹配项而不是匹配行

-q, --quiet, --silent

　　安静模式，不显示任何信息

-s, --no-messages

　　当文件不存在或不可读时，不显示错误信息

Output Line Prefix Control

-b, --byte-offset

　　在每个匹配行前加上该行在文件内的块号

-H, --with-filename

　　在每个匹配行前加上文件名

-h, --no-filename

　　多文件搜索时，抑制文件名输出

-n, --line-number

　　在每个匹配行前加上该行在文件内的行号

Context Line Control

-A NUM, --after-context=NUM

　　输出匹配行及其后 NUM 行的内容

-B NUM, --before-context=NUM

　　输出匹配行及其前 NUM 行的内容

-C NUM, -NUM, --context=NUM

　　输出匹配行及其前后 NUM 行的内容

实例

测试文件 test.txt：

The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters

Beautiful is better than ugly
Explicit is better than implicit
Simple is better than complex
Complex is better than complicated
Flat is better than nested
Sparse is better than dense
Readability counts
Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules
Although practicality beats purity
Errors should never pass silently
Unless explicitly silenced
In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch
Now is better than never
Although never is often better than *right* now
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those

a) 输出含有 "com" 的行

huey@huey-K42JE:~/huey/linux/cmdline$ grep com test.txt
Simple is better than complex
Complex is better than complicated

b) 匹配时忽略大小写

huey@huey-K42JE:~/huey/linux/cmdline$ grep -i com test.txt
Simple is better than complex
Complex is better than complicated

c) 输出以 "complex" 开头的行，忽略大小写

huey@huey-K42JE:~/huey/linux/cmdline$ grep -i '^complex' test.txt
Complex is better than complicated

d) 输出以 "idea" 结尾的行

huey@huey-K42JE:~/huey/linux/cmdline$ grep 'idea$' test.txt
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea

e) 匹配空行

huey@huey-K42JE:~/huey/linux/cmdline$ grep -n '^$' test.txt
2:

h) 输出含有 "good" 或 "bad" 的行

huey@huey-K42JE:~/huey/linux/cmdline$ grep 'good\|bad' test.txt
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea
huey@huey-K42JE:~/huey/linux/cmdline$ grep -E 'good|bad' test.txt
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea

i) 精确匹配单词 it，像 implicit、purity、purity 等这样的单词中的 it 部分是不会被匹配的

huey@huey-K42JE:~/huey/linux/cmdline$ grep -w it test.txt
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea

j) 输出含有 "Python" 的行及其后 3 行

huey@huey-K42JE:~/huey/linux/cmdline$ grep -A 3 Python test.txt
The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters

Beautiful is better than ugly
Explicit is better than implicit

相关命令

egrep - 相当于 grep -E

fgrep - 相当于 grep -F

pgrep - 相当于 grep -P