perl-cgi高级

一 CGI.pm中的方法(routines)调用

1. CGI.pm实现了两种使用方法,分别是面向对象的方式和传统的perlmodule方法的方式。

面向对象的方式:

#!/usr/local/bin/perl -w

use CGI; # load CGI routines

$q = CGI->new; # create new CGI object

print $q->header, # create the HTTP header

$q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML

$q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header

$q->end_html; # end the HTML

传统的module方法的方式:

#!/usr/local/bin/perl

use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines

print header, # create the HTTP header

start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML

h1('hello world'), # level 1 header

end_html; # end the HTML

2. CGI.pm中的方法。

CGI.pm中的方法,通常有很多的参数,所以一般我们使用命名参数的方式来调用,例如:

print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');

命名参数的值可以为scalar或array reference类型,例如:

$q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato');

$q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']);

3. CGI.pm中的html元素(html shortcuts)方法

所有的html的元素(例如h1,br等)在CGI.pm中都有对应的方法,这些方法根据需要动态的生成,且都包含2个参数,第一个参数为hash类型,对应html元素的属性,第二个参数的string类型,对应html元素的内容。例如html中的h1对应的方法为h1( ):

Code Generated HTML

---- --------------

h1() <h1>

h1('some','contents'); <h1>some contents</h1>

h1({-align=>left}); <h1 align="LEFT">

h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <h1 align="LEFT">contents</h1>

有时你想自己处理元素的开始和结尾,则可以使用start_tag_name和end_tag_name,例如

print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1;

有的时候start和end方法没有被自动生成,需要显示的指定,例如:

use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/;

用来自动生成start_table,end_table,start_ul和end_ul方法。

另一个实例:

print a({-href=>'fred.html',-target=>'_new'}, "Open a new frame");

<a href="fred.html",target="_new">Open a new frame</a>

二 CGI.pm中获取cgi的参数

@names = $query->param #get all params

@values = $query->param('foo'); #get param foo as list

$value = $query->param('foo'); #get param foo as scalar

param()获取参数的结果可以为scalar或array类型,例如当参数的结果来自多选的scrollinglist的时候就为array类型。如果参数的值在querystring中没有给定("name1=&name2="),param()将返回emptystring。如果参数在querystring中根本不存在,则param()则返回undef或emptylist。当参数为多个值时querystring中写法为var1=value1&var1=value2&var1=value3.

三 header and start_html

1. header指定html的header,例如

print header; # 返回默认的type:text/html

print header('image/gif'); #设定type为:image/gif

print header('text/html','204 No response');

$cookie1 = $q->cookie(-name=>'riddle_name', -value=>"The Sphynx's Question");

$cookie2 = $q->cookie(-name=>'answers', -value=>\%answers);

print header(-type=>'image/gif',

-nph=>1,

-status=>'402 Payment required',

-expires=>'+3d',

-cookie => [$cookie1,$cookie2] ,

-charset=>'utf-7',

-attachment=>'foo.gif',

-Cost=>'$2.00');

其中-type,-status,-expires,-cookie为可以设别的参数,其他的命名参数都被转化为html header属性。

-expires的值可以为:

+30s 30 seconds from now

+10m ten minutes from now

+1h one hour from now

-1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")

now immediately

+3M in three months

+10y in ten years time

Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date

2. start_html 创建页面的顶层元素<html><header</header><body>

例如:

print start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',

-author=>'fred@capricorn.org',

-base=>'true',

-target=>'_blank',

-meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',

'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},

-src'=>'/styles/style1.css'},

-BGCOLOR=>'blue');

或者:

print start_html(-head=>[

Link({-rel=>'shortcut icon',href=>'favicon.ico'}),

meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type',-content=> 'text/html'})

]

);

在header中加入javascript的例子:

$query = CGI->new;

print header;

$JSCRIPT=<<END;

// Ask a silly question

function riddle_me_this() {

var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " +

"two legs in the afternoon, " +

"and three legs in the evening?");

response(r);

}

// Get a silly answer

function response(answer) {

if (answer == "man")

alert("Right you are!");

else

alert("Wrong! Guess again.");

}

END

print start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',

-script=>$JSCRIPT);

print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',

-script=>{-type=>'JAVASCRIPT',

-src=>'/javascript/sphinx.js'}

);

print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',

-script=>[

{ -type => 'text/javascript',

-src => '/javascript/utilities10.js'

},

{ -type => 'text/javascript',

-src => '/javascript/utilities11.js'

},

{ -type => 'text/jscript',

-src => '/javascript/utilities12.js'

},

{ -type => 'text/ecmascript',

-src => '/javascript/utilities219.js'

}

]

);

在header中使用css的例子:

use CGI qw/:standard :html3/;

#here's a stylesheet incorporated directly into the page

$newStyle=<<END;

<!--

P.Tip {

margin-right: 50pt;

margin-left: 50pt;

color: red;

}

P.Alert {

font-size: 30pt;

font-family: sans-serif;

color: red;

}

-->

END

print header();

print start_html( -title=>'CGI with Style',

-http://www.capricorn.com/style/st1.css',

-code=>$newStyle}

);

print h1('CGI with Style'),

p({-class=>'Tip'},

"Better read the cascading style sheet spec before playing with this!"),

span({-color: magenta'},

"Look Mom, no hands!",

p(),

"Whooo wee!"

);

print end_html;

四 url

$full_url = url(); # http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi

$full_url = url(-full=>1); # http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi

$relative_url = url(-relative=>1); #script.cgi

$absolute_url = url(-absolute=>1); #path/to/script.cgi

$url_with_path = url(-path_info=>1);

$url_with_path_and_query = url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1);

$netloc = url(-base => 1); #http://your.host.com

五 CGI.pm中的html元素方法的特殊用法

如果元素的第二个参数为list类型,则会被分解,例如:

print ul(

li({-type=>'disc'},['Sneezy','Doc','Sleepy','Happy'])

);

相当于:

<ul>

<li type="disc">Sneezy</li>

<li type="disc">Doc</li>

<li type="disc">Sleepy</li>

<li type="disc">Happy</li>

</ul>

例如table可以写为:

print table({-border=>undef},

caption('When Should You Eat Your Vegetables?'),

Tr({-align=>'CENTER',-valign=>'TOP'},

[

th(['Vegetable', 'Breakfast','Lunch','Dinner']),

td(['Tomatoes' , 'no', 'yes', 'yes']),

td(['Broccoli' , 'no', 'no', 'yes']),

td(['Onions' , 'yes','yes', 'yes'])

]

)

);

六 CGI.pm中非标准的html元素方法

print comment('here is my comment'); #generates an HTML comment (<!-- comment -->)

因为与perl方法冲突,所以大写的:

Select

Tr

Link

Delete

Accept

Sub

其他特殊的html元素方法:start_html(), end_html(), start_form(), end_form(), start_multipart_form() and all the fill-out form tags。

七 CGI.pm中的form相关

1 start_form 和start_multipart_form

print start_form(-method=>$method,

-action=>$action,

-enctype=>$encoding);

<... various form stuff ...>

print end_form;

-or-

print start_form($method,$action,$encoding);

<... various form stuff ...>

print end_form;

如果没有指定method,action,enctype,默认地为:

method: POST

action: this script

enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded for non-XHTML

multipart/form-data for XHTML, see multipart/form-data below.

当使用start_form的时候,enctype为application/x-www-form-urlencoded,如果需要新式的xhtml,则需要使用start_multipart_form,此时enctype为multipart/form-data。

更多参考cgi man page: http://search.cpan.org/~markstos/CGI.pm-3.60/lib/CGI.pm

完!