How To Secure Apache with Let's Encrypt on Ubuntu ，Free SSL
Introduction
This tutorial will show you how to set up a TLS/SSL certificate from Let’s Encrypt on an Ubuntu 14.04 server running Apache as a web server. We will also cover how to automate the certificate renewal process using a cron job.
SSL certificates are used within web servers to encrypt the traffic between the server and client, providing extra security for users accessing your application. Let’s Encrypt provides an easy way to obtain and install trusted certificates for free.
Prerequisites
In order to complete this guide, you will need:
- An Ubuntu 14.04 server with a non-root sudo user, which you can set up by following our Initial Server Setup guide
- The Apache web server installed with one or more domain names properly configured
When you are ready to move on, log into your server using your sudo account.
Step 1 — Install the Server Dependencies
The first thing we need to do is to update the package manager cache with:
sudo apt-get update
We will need git in order to download the Let’s Encrypt client. To install git, run:
sudo apt-get install git
Step 2 — Download the Let’s Encrypt Client
Next, we will download the Let’s Encrypt client from its official repository, placing its files in a special location on the server. We will do this to facilitate the process of updating the repository files when a new release is available. Because the Let’s Encrypt client is still in beta, frequent updates might be necessary to correct bugs and implement new functionality.
We will clone the Let’s Encrypt repository under /opt, which is a standard directory for placing third-party software on Unix systems:
sudo git clone https://github.com/letsencrypt/letsencrypt /opt/letsencrypt
This will create a local copy of the official Let’s Encrypt repository under /opt/letsencrypt.
Step 3 — Set Up the SSL Certificate
Generating the SSL Certificate for Apache using the Let’s Encrypt client is quite straightforward. The client will automatically obtain and install a new SSL certificate that is valid for the domains provided as parameters.
Access the letsencrypt directory:
cd /opt/letsencrypt
To execute the interactive installation and obtain a certificate that covers only a single domain, run theletsencrypt-auto command with:
./letsencrypt-auto --apache -d example.com
If you want to install a single certificate that is valid for multiple domains or subdomains, you can pass them as additional parameters to the command. The first domain name in the list of parameters will be thebase domain used by Let’s Encrypt to create the certificate, and for that reason we recommend that you pass the bare top-level domain name as first in the list, followed by any additional subdomains or aliases:
./letsencrypt-auto --apache -d example.com -d www.example.com
For this example, the base domain will be example.com.
Don't forget to allow 443 port on your firewall.
After the dependencies are installed, you will be presented with a step-by-step guide to customize your certificate options. You will be asked to provide an email address for lost key recovery and notices, and you will be able to choose between enabling both http and https access or force all requests to redirect to https.
When the installation is finished, you should be able to find the generated certificate files at/etc/letsencrypt/live. You can verify the status of your SSL certificate with the following link (don’t forget to replace example.com with your base domain):
https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html?d=example.com&latest
You should now be able to access your website using a https prefix.
Step 4 — Set Up Auto Renewal
Let’s Encrypt certificates are valid for 90 days, but it’s recommended that you renew the certificates every 60 days to allow a margin of error. The Let's Encrypt client has a renew command that automatically checks the currently installed certificates and tries to renew them if they are less than 30 days away from the expiration date.
To trigger the renewal process for all installed domains, you should run:
./letsencrypt-auto renew
Because we recently installed the certificate, the command will only check for the expiration date and print a message informing that the certificate is not due to renewal yet. The output should look similar to this:
Checking for new version...
Requesting root privileges to run letsencrypt...
/root/.local/share/letsencrypt/bin/letsencrypt renew
Processing /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/example.com.conf
The following certs are not due for renewal yet:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem (skipped)
No renewals were attempted.
Notice that if you created a bundled certificate with multiple domains, only the base domain name will be shown in the output, but the renewal should be valid for all domains included in this certificate.
A practical way to ensure your certificates won’t get outdated is to create a cron job that will periodically execute the automatic renewal command for you. Since the renewal first checks for the expiration date and only executes the renewal if the certificate is less than 30 days away from expiration, it is safe to create a cron job that runs every week or even every day, for instance.
Let's edit the crontab to create a new job that will run the renewal command every week. To edit the crontab for the root user, run:
sudo crontab -e
Include the following content, all in one line:
crontab
30 2 * * 1 /opt/letsencrypt/letsencrypt-auto renew >> /var/log/le-renew.log
Save and exit. This will create a new cron job that will execute the letsencrypt-auto renew command every Monday at 2:30 am. The output produced by the command will be piped to a log file located at/var/log/le-renewal.log.
For more information on how to create and schedule cron jobs, you can check our How to Use Cron to Automate Tasks in a VPS guide.
Step 5 — Updating the Let’s Encrypt Client (optional)
Whenever new updates are available for the client, you can update your local copy by running a git pullfrom inside the Let’s Encrypt directory:
cd /opt/letsencryptsudo git pull
This will download all recent changes to the repository, updating your client.
Conclusion
In this guide, we saw how to install a free SSL certificate from Let’s Encrypt in order to secure a website hosted with Apache. Because the Let’s Encrypt client is still in beta, we recommend that you check the official Let’s Encrypt blog for important updates from time to time.
