PHP中的Magic Method

1. __construct()__destruct()

  在实例被 创建/销毁 的时候被调用,都可以传递0个或多个参数。

  class A
  {
    function A()
    {
      echo "build A";
    }

    function __destruct()
    {
      echo "destroy A";
    }
  }

  $obj = new A();
  //unset($obj); 

  Note:The destructor method will be called as soon as there are no other references to a particular object, or in any order during the shutdown sequence.

  关于构造函数,PHP5.3.3开始,一个定义在某个特定的命名空间里的class中以类名命名的方法将不再被认为是构造函数。在无命名空间的类中与原来一样依旧是构造函数。如:

namespace Foo;
class Bar {
    public function Bar() {
        // treated as constructor in PHP 5.3.0-5.3.2
        // treated as regular method as of PHP 5.3.3
    }
}

  如果没有namespace Foo; 那么Bar()还将被当作构造函数。另外,如果存在下面的情况:

  function __construct()
    {
      echo "construct A";
    }

    function A()
    {
      echo "build A";
    }

    function __destruct()
    {
      echo "destroy A";
    }
  }

  即既包含__construct()又包含与类名同名的函数,那么将只调用__construct()。

2. __call()__callStatic()

  当尝试调用一个不存在的方法时调用该方法。两个参数,一个是方法名,一个是被调用方法的参数数组。

class MethodTest
{
    public function __call($name, $arguments)
    {
        // Note: value of $name is case sensitive.
        echo "Calling object method '$name' "
             . implode(' ', $arguments). "<br>";
    }

    public static function __callStatic($name, $arguments)
    {
        // Note: value of $name is case sensitive.
        echo "Calling static method '$name' "
             . implode(' ', $arguments). "<br>";
    }
}

$obj = new MethodTest;
$obj->runTest('in','object','context');
MethodTest::runTest('in','static','context'); 

  其中,$arguments作为一个array传入。运行结果:

Calling object method 'runTest' in object context
Calling static method 'runTest' in static context

  还要注意函数的作用域protected和private:

class TestMagicCallMethod {
    public function foo()
    {
        echo __METHOD__.PHP_EOL."<br>";
    }

    public function __call($method, $args)
    {
        echo __METHOD__.PHP_EOL."<br>";
        if(method_exists($this, $method))
        {
            $this->$method();
        }
    }
   
    protected function bar()
    {
        echo __METHOD__.PHP_EOL."<br>";
    }

    private function baz()
    {
        echo __METHOD__.PHP_EOL."<br>";
    }
}

$test    =    new TestMagicCallMethod();
$test->foo();
/**
 * Outputs:
 * TestMagicCallMethod::foo
 */

$test->bar();
/**
 * Outputs:
 * TestMagicCallMethod::__call
 * TestMagicCallMethod::bar
 */

$test->baz();
/**
 * Outputs:
 * TestMagicCallMethod::__call
 * TestMagicCallMethod::baz
 */

3.__get()__set()

  当试图读取一个对象并不存在的属性的时候被调用。

  Note:我们可以用这个函数实现类似java中反射的各种操作。

class Test
{
   public function __get($key)
   {
      echo $key . " not exists";
   }
   public function __set($key,$value)
   {
      echo $key . " = ".$value;
   }
}

$t = new Test();
echo $t->name."<br>";
$t->name = "abc";
输出:
name not exists
name = abc

4. __toString()

  这个方法类似于java的toString()方法,当我们直接打印对象的时候回调用这个函数,函数必须返回一个string。

class Test
{
    private $name = "abc";
    private $age = 12;

    public function __toString()
    {
        return "name : $this->name, age : $this->age";
    }
}

$t = new Test();
echo $t;
输出:
name : abc, age : 12

还有__isset(), __unset(), __sleep(), __wakeup(), __toString(), __invoke(), __set_state() and __clone()就不一一赘述。